MED. 11.39Discipline of assent
George Long · 1862EN · Long

PERSONSocrates used to say, What do you want, TERMsouls of rational men or irrational?—Souls of rational men.—Of what rational men, sound or unsound?—Sound.—Why then do you not seek for them?—Because we have them.—Why then do you fight and quarrel?1

Original · ancient Greek

Σωκράτης ἔλεγε· τί θέλετε; λογικῶν ψυχὰς ἔχειν ἢ ἀλόγων;—λογικῶν.—τίνων λογικῶν; ὑγιῶν ἢ φαύλων;—ὑγιῶν.—τί οὖν οὐ ζητεῖτε;—ὅτι ἔχομεν.—τί οὖν μάχεσθε καὶ διαφέρεσθε;1

Leopold · Teubner 1908
Commentary

The book ends with a scene, not a conclusion. The last passage of Book XI is neither a formula nor an exhortation but a cross-examination in four moves1, written down without a word of Marcus's own. There is no marking of the speeches and no name for the interlocutor: the dialogue runs on dashes alone, and the speakers must be identified from the sense.

How the trap is built. The first two questions are harmless and win assent: rational, not irrational; sound, not worthless. The third — τί οὖν οὐ ζητεῖτε; "why then do you not look for them?" — is already the catch, and the answer is supplied by the interlocutors themselves, unawares: ὅτι ἔχομεν, "because we have them." The fourth question adds nothing; it merely collides that answer with what can be seen: τί οὖν μάχεσθε καὶ διαφέρεσθε; "why then do you fight and quarrel?"

What has been proved. Nothing — and there lies the force. The conclusion is not stated: if you are fighting, then either your soul is not sound or you do not think it sound. Both limbs are fatal to a man who has just said "we have them." Cf. 11.38: the contest is not over a trifle but over being mad or not — and 11.18, given over entirely to how not to quarrel.

Two words on what matters. ὑγιῶν ἢ φαύλων — "sound or worthless": a pair at once medical and evaluative, as everywhere in the corpus (cf. 10.35, where a mind is judged diseased by the single mark of fastidiousness). And ἔχομεν, "we have": the most dangerous word in the dialogue, because possession is taken here as a given, whereas 11.1 says that the rational soul makes itself whatever it wishes. To have it sound is not a state but a labour. The governing discipline is assent, the sustaining one action.

DisciplineDiscipline of assent
Record added2026-07-16
Statuspublished
Discipline of assent

George Long · 1862· EN · Long

PERSONSocrates used to say, What do you want, TERMsouls of rational men or irrational?—Souls of rational men.—Of what rational men, sound or unsound?—Sound.—Why then do you not seek for them?—Because we have them.—Why then do you fight and quarrel?1

Original · ancient Greek

Σωκράτης ἔλεγε· τί θέλετε; λογικῶν ψυχὰς ἔχειν ἢ ἀλόγων;—λογικῶν.—τίνων λογικῶν; ὑγιῶν ἢ φαύλων;—ὑγιῶν.—τί οὖν οὐ ζητεῖτε;—ὅτι ἔχομεν.—τί οὖν μάχεσθε καὶ διαφέρεσθε;1

Leopold · Teubner 1908
Marginalia1
Related2
Commentary

The book ends with a scene, not a conclusion. The last passage of Book XI is neither a formula nor an exhortation but a cross-examination in four moves1, written down without a word of Marcus's own. There is no marking of the speeches and no name for the interlocutor: the dialogue runs on dashes alone, and the speakers must be identified from the sense.

How the trap is built. The first two questions are harmless and win assent: rational, not irrational; sound, not worthless. The third — τί οὖν οὐ ζητεῖτε; "why then do you not look for them?" — is already the catch, and the answer is supplied by the interlocutors themselves, unawares: ὅτι ἔχομεν, "because we have them." The fourth question adds nothing; it merely collides that answer with what can be seen: τί οὖν μάχεσθε καὶ διαφέρεσθε; "why then do you fight and quarrel?"

What has been proved. Nothing — and there lies the force. The conclusion is not stated: if you are fighting, then either your soul is not sound or you do not think it sound. Both limbs are fatal to a man who has just said "we have them." Cf. 11.38: the contest is not over a trifle but over being mad or not — and 11.18, given over entirely to how not to quarrel.

Two words on what matters. ὑγιῶν ἢ φαύλων — "sound or worthless": a pair at once medical and evaluative, as everywhere in the corpus (cf. 10.35, where a mind is judged diseased by the single mark of fastidiousness). And ἔχομεν, "we have": the most dangerous word in the dialogue, because possession is taken here as a given, whereas 11.1 says that the rational soul makes itself whatever it wishes. To have it sound is not a state but a labour. The governing discipline is assent, the sustaining one action.

DisciplineDiscipline of assent
Record added2026-07-16
Statuspublished