MED. 10.8Discipline of action
George Long · 1862EN · Long

When thou hast assumed these names, TERMgood, TERMmodest, true, rational, a man of equanimity, and magnanimous, take care that thou dost not change these names; and if thou shouldst lose them, quickly return to them. And remember that the term Rational was intended to signify a discriminating attention to every several thing and freedom from negligence; and that Equanimity is DOGMAthe voluntary acceptance of the things which are assigned to thee by the common TERMnature; and that Magnanimity is the elevation of the intelligent part above the pleasurable or painful sensations of the TERMflesh, and above DOGMAthat poor thing called fame, and death, and all such things. If, then, thou maintainest thyself in the possession of these names, without desiring to be called by these names by others, thou wilt be another person and wilt enter on another life. For to continue to be such as thou hast hitherto been, and to be tom in pieces and defiled in such a life, is the character of a very stupid man and one overfond of his life, and like those half-devoured fighters with wild beasts, who though covered with wounds and gore, still intreat to be kept to the following day, though they will be exposed in the same state to the same claws and bites. Therefore fix thyself in the possession of these few names: and if thou art able to abide in them, abide as if thou wast removed to certain islands of the Happy. But if thou shalt perceive that thou fallest out of them and dost not maintain thy hold, go courageously into some nook where thou shalt maintain them, or even MOTIFdepart at once from life, not in passion, but with simplicity and freedom and modesty, after doing this one laudable thing at least in thy life, to have gone out of it thus. In order, however, to the remembrance of these names, it will greatly help thee, if thou rememberest the gods, and that they wish not to be flattered, but wish all reasonable beings to be made like themselves; and if thou rememberest that MOTIFwhat does the work of a fig-tree is a fig-tree, and that what does the work of a dog is a dog, and that what does the work of a bee is a bee, and that DOGMAwhat does the work of a man is a man.

Original · ancient Greek

Ὀνόματα θέμενος σαυτῷ ταῦτα· ἀγαθός, αἰδήμων, ἀληθής, ἔμφρων, σύμφρων, ὑπέρφρων, πρόσεχε μήποτε μετονομάζῃ, κἂν ἀπολλύῃς ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα, καὶ ταχέως ἐπάνιθι ἐπ’ αὐτά. μέμνησο δὲ ὅτι τὸ μὲν ἔμφρων ἐβούλετό σοι σημαίνειν τὴν ἐφ’ ἕκαστα διαληπτικὴν ἐπίστασιν καὶ τὸ ἀπαρενθύμητον· τὸ δὲ σύμφρων τὴν ἑκούσιον ἀπόδεξιν τῶν ὑπὸ τῆς κοινῆς φύσεως ἀπονεμομένων· τὸ δὲ ὑπέρφρων τὴν ὑπέρτασιν τοῦ φρονοῦντος μορίου ὑπὲρ λείαν ἢ τραχεῖαν κίνησιν τῆς σαρκὸς καὶ τὸ δοξάριον καὶ τὸν θάνατον καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα.

ἐὰν οὖν διατηρῇς σεαυτὸν ἐν τούτοις τοῖς ὀνόμασι μὴ γλιχόμενος τοῦ ὑπ’ ἄλλων κατὰ ταῦτα ὀνομάζεσθαι, ἔσῃ ἕτερος καὶ εἰς βίον εἰσελεύσῃ ἕτερον. τὸ γὰρ ἔτι τοιοῦτον εἶναι οἷος μέχρι νῦν γέγονας, καὶ ἐν βίῳ τοιούτῳ σπαράσσεσθαι καὶ μολύνεσθαι, λίαν ἐστὶν ἀναισθήτου καὶ φιλοψύχου καὶ ὁμοίου τοῖς ἡμιβρώτοις θηριομάχοις, οἵτινες μεστοὶ τραυμάτων καὶ λύθρου παρακαλοῦσιν ὅμως εἰς τὴν αὔριον φυλαχθῆναι, παραβληθησόμενοι τοιοῦτοι τοῖς αὐτοῖς ὄνυξι καὶ δήγμασιν.

ἐμβίβασον οὖν σαυτὸν εἰς τὰ ὀλίγα ταῦτα ὀνόματα, κἂν μὲν ἐπ’ αὐτῶν μένειν δύνῃ, μένε ὥσπερ εἰς μακάρων τινὰς νήσους μετῳκισμένος· ἐὰν δὲ αἴσθῃ ὅτι ἐκπίπτεις καὶ οὐ περικρατεῖς, ἄπιθι θαρρῶν εἰς γωνίαν τινά, ὅπου κρατήσεις, ἢ καὶ παντάπασιν ἔξιθι τοῦ βίου, μὴ ὀργιζόμενος, ἀλλὰ ἁπλῶς καὶ ἐλευθέρως καὶ αἰδημόνως, ἕν γε τοῦτο μόνον πράξας ἐν τῷ βίῳ τὸ οὕτως ἐξελθεῖν.

πρὸς μέντοι τὸ μεμνῆσθαι τῶν ὀνομάτων μεγάλως συλλήψεταί σοι τὸ μεμνῆσθαι θεῶν καὶ ὅτιπερ οὐ κολακεύεσθαι οὗτοι θέλουσιν, ἀλλὰ ἐξομοιοῦσθαι ἑαυτοῖς τὰ λογικὰ πάντα καὶ εἶναι τὴν μὲν συκῆν τὰ συκῆς ποιοῦσαν, τὸν δὲ κύνα τὰ κυνός, τὴν δὲ μέλισσαν τὰ μελίσσης, τὸν δὲ ἄνθρωπον τὰ ἀνθρώπου.

Leopold · Teubner 1908
Commentary

Names instead of rules. Marcus gives himself not prescriptions but names: TERMἀγαθός, TERMαἰδήμων, ἀληθής, ἔμφρων, σύμφρων, ὑπέρφρων. The difference matters: a rule is carried out, a name is borne. Hence the verb of the threat — μετονομάζῃ, "take care you are not renamed": a lapse is conceived not as a broken prescription but as the loss of a name, a change in what you are called. And the remedy matches: ταχέως ἐπάνιθι ἐπ’ αὐτά — "return to them quickly."

Three compounds of φρήν. The last three names are a deliberate figure: ἔμφρων, σύμφρων, ὑπέρφρων — one root (φρήν) with three prefixes: "in-minded," "with-minded," "over-minded." Marcus glosses them at once, and the glosses fall onto the three disciplines: ἔμφρων — "a discriminating attentiveness toward each several thing, and freedom from heedlessness" (assent); σύμφρωνDOGMA"the willing acceptance" of what is allotted by the common TERMnature (desire); ὑπέρφρων — "the stretching of the thinking part above the smooth or rough motion of the TERMflesh, above DOGMAthe scrap of reputation (δοξάριον) and death." No translation keeps the figure: Long has "rational, a man of equanimity, magnanimous," Rogovin «рассудительный, нестроптивый, благородный». The modernization restores the chain through "-minded."

The proviso about being so called. μὴ γλιχόμενος τοῦ ὑπ’ ἄλλων κατὰ ταῦτα ὀνομάζεσθαι — "not hankering to be called by these names by others." A fine turn: the names are to be borne, not received; otherwise the sixth name (ὑπέρφρων, above the δοξάριον) would be cancelled by the very chase after a reputation for virtue.

The gladiator begging for a reprieve. The harshest image in the book. To remain as you were is to be like the ἡμίβρωτοι θηριομάχοι, the "half-devoured beast-fighters" who, "full of wounds and clotted gore" (μεστοὶ τραυμάτων καὶ λύθρου), still beg to be kept back until tomorrow — to be thrown in that same state to "the same claws and teeth." The charge is not cowardice but insensibility (ἀναίσθητος): the man does not notice that what he begs for is more of the same mauling.

Three outcomes. The close offers a ladder: hold to the names, and live "as one transferred to some islands of the blest"; if you feel you are not keeping hold (οὐ περικρατεῖς), withdraw "into some corner" (γωνία) where you will; and if not even there — MOTIFgo out of life altogether, "not in anger, but simply and freely and with self-respect" (ἁπλῶς καὶ ἐλευθέρως καὶ αἰδημόνως), having done at least this one thing as it should be done (cf. 5.29). The exit is set down not as a defeat but as the last means of keeping the name.

A fig-tree does the work of a fig-tree. The support of memory is the gods: they do not wish to be flattered (οὐ κολακεύεσθαι) but wish all rational beings to be made like themselves. And immediately, the grounding series: MOTIFa fig-tree is what does the work of a fig-tree, a dog of a dog, a bee of a bee, DOGMAand a man of a man (cf. 8.19). Likeness to god and the discharge of one's own nature turn out to be the same act. The governing discipline is action, the sustaining one assent.

DisciplineDiscipline of action
Record added2026-07-16
Statuspublished
Discipline of action

George Long · 1862· EN · Long

When thou hast assumed these names, TERMgood, TERMmodest, true, rational, a man of equanimity, and magnanimous, take care that thou dost not change these names; and if thou shouldst lose them, quickly return to them. And remember that the term Rational was intended to signify a discriminating attention to every several thing and freedom from negligence; and that Equanimity is DOGMAthe voluntary acceptance of the things which are assigned to thee by the common TERMnature; and that Magnanimity is the elevation of the intelligent part above the pleasurable or painful sensations of the TERMflesh, and above DOGMAthat poor thing called fame, and death, and all such things. If, then, thou maintainest thyself in the possession of these names, without desiring to be called by these names by others, thou wilt be another person and wilt enter on another life. For to continue to be such as thou hast hitherto been, and to be tom in pieces and defiled in such a life, is the character of a very stupid man and one overfond of his life, and like those half-devoured fighters with wild beasts, who though covered with wounds and gore, still intreat to be kept to the following day, though they will be exposed in the same state to the same claws and bites. Therefore fix thyself in the possession of these few names: and if thou art able to abide in them, abide as if thou wast removed to certain islands of the Happy. But if thou shalt perceive that thou fallest out of them and dost not maintain thy hold, go courageously into some nook where thou shalt maintain them, or even MOTIFdepart at once from life, not in passion, but with simplicity and freedom and modesty, after doing this one laudable thing at least in thy life, to have gone out of it thus. In order, however, to the remembrance of these names, it will greatly help thee, if thou rememberest the gods, and that they wish not to be flattered, but wish all reasonable beings to be made like themselves; and if thou rememberest that MOTIFwhat does the work of a fig-tree is a fig-tree, and that what does the work of a dog is a dog, and that what does the work of a bee is a bee, and that DOGMAwhat does the work of a man is a man.

Original · ancient Greek

Ὀνόματα θέμενος σαυτῷ ταῦτα· ἀγαθός, αἰδήμων, ἀληθής, ἔμφρων, σύμφρων, ὑπέρφρων, πρόσεχε μήποτε μετονομάζῃ, κἂν ἀπολλύῃς ταῦτα τὰ ὀνόματα, καὶ ταχέως ἐπάνιθι ἐπ’ αὐτά. μέμνησο δὲ ὅτι τὸ μὲν ἔμφρων ἐβούλετό σοι σημαίνειν τὴν ἐφ’ ἕκαστα διαληπτικὴν ἐπίστασιν καὶ τὸ ἀπαρενθύμητον· τὸ δὲ σύμφρων τὴν ἑκούσιον ἀπόδεξιν τῶν ὑπὸ τῆς κοινῆς φύσεως ἀπονεμομένων· τὸ δὲ ὑπέρφρων τὴν ὑπέρτασιν τοῦ φρονοῦντος μορίου ὑπὲρ λείαν ἢ τραχεῖαν κίνησιν τῆς σαρκὸς καὶ τὸ δοξάριον καὶ τὸν θάνατον καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα.

ἐὰν οὖν διατηρῇς σεαυτὸν ἐν τούτοις τοῖς ὀνόμασι μὴ γλιχόμενος τοῦ ὑπ’ ἄλλων κατὰ ταῦτα ὀνομάζεσθαι, ἔσῃ ἕτερος καὶ εἰς βίον εἰσελεύσῃ ἕτερον. τὸ γὰρ ἔτι τοιοῦτον εἶναι οἷος μέχρι νῦν γέγονας, καὶ ἐν βίῳ τοιούτῳ σπαράσσεσθαι καὶ μολύνεσθαι, λίαν ἐστὶν ἀναισθήτου καὶ φιλοψύχου καὶ ὁμοίου τοῖς ἡμιβρώτοις θηριομάχοις, οἵτινες μεστοὶ τραυμάτων καὶ λύθρου παρακαλοῦσιν ὅμως εἰς τὴν αὔριον φυλαχθῆναι, παραβληθησόμενοι τοιοῦτοι τοῖς αὐτοῖς ὄνυξι καὶ δήγμασιν.

ἐμβίβασον οὖν σαυτὸν εἰς τὰ ὀλίγα ταῦτα ὀνόματα, κἂν μὲν ἐπ’ αὐτῶν μένειν δύνῃ, μένε ὥσπερ εἰς μακάρων τινὰς νήσους μετῳκισμένος· ἐὰν δὲ αἴσθῃ ὅτι ἐκπίπτεις καὶ οὐ περικρατεῖς, ἄπιθι θαρρῶν εἰς γωνίαν τινά, ὅπου κρατήσεις, ἢ καὶ παντάπασιν ἔξιθι τοῦ βίου, μὴ ὀργιζόμενος, ἀλλὰ ἁπλῶς καὶ ἐλευθέρως καὶ αἰδημόνως, ἕν γε τοῦτο μόνον πράξας ἐν τῷ βίῳ τὸ οὕτως ἐξελθεῖν.

πρὸς μέντοι τὸ μεμνῆσθαι τῶν ὀνομάτων μεγάλως συλλήψεταί σοι τὸ μεμνῆσθαι θεῶν καὶ ὅτιπερ οὐ κολακεύεσθαι οὗτοι θέλουσιν, ἀλλὰ ἐξομοιοῦσθαι ἑαυτοῖς τὰ λογικὰ πάντα καὶ εἶναι τὴν μὲν συκῆν τὰ συκῆς ποιοῦσαν, τὸν δὲ κύνα τὰ κυνός, τὴν δὲ μέλισσαν τὰ μελίσσης, τὸν δὲ ἄνθρωπον τὰ ἀνθρώπου.

Leopold · Teubner 1908
Related9
Commentary

Names instead of rules. Marcus gives himself not prescriptions but names: TERMἀγαθός, TERMαἰδήμων, ἀληθής, ἔμφρων, σύμφρων, ὑπέρφρων. The difference matters: a rule is carried out, a name is borne. Hence the verb of the threat — μετονομάζῃ, "take care you are not renamed": a lapse is conceived not as a broken prescription but as the loss of a name, a change in what you are called. And the remedy matches: ταχέως ἐπάνιθι ἐπ’ αὐτά — "return to them quickly."

Three compounds of φρήν. The last three names are a deliberate figure: ἔμφρων, σύμφρων, ὑπέρφρων — one root (φρήν) with three prefixes: "in-minded," "with-minded," "over-minded." Marcus glosses them at once, and the glosses fall onto the three disciplines: ἔμφρων — "a discriminating attentiveness toward each several thing, and freedom from heedlessness" (assent); σύμφρωνDOGMA"the willing acceptance" of what is allotted by the common TERMnature (desire); ὑπέρφρων — "the stretching of the thinking part above the smooth or rough motion of the TERMflesh, above DOGMAthe scrap of reputation (δοξάριον) and death." No translation keeps the figure: Long has "rational, a man of equanimity, magnanimous," Rogovin «рассудительный, нестроптивый, благородный». The modernization restores the chain through "-minded."

The proviso about being so called. μὴ γλιχόμενος τοῦ ὑπ’ ἄλλων κατὰ ταῦτα ὀνομάζεσθαι — "not hankering to be called by these names by others." A fine turn: the names are to be borne, not received; otherwise the sixth name (ὑπέρφρων, above the δοξάριον) would be cancelled by the very chase after a reputation for virtue.

The gladiator begging for a reprieve. The harshest image in the book. To remain as you were is to be like the ἡμίβρωτοι θηριομάχοι, the "half-devoured beast-fighters" who, "full of wounds and clotted gore" (μεστοὶ τραυμάτων καὶ λύθρου), still beg to be kept back until tomorrow — to be thrown in that same state to "the same claws and teeth." The charge is not cowardice but insensibility (ἀναίσθητος): the man does not notice that what he begs for is more of the same mauling.

Three outcomes. The close offers a ladder: hold to the names, and live "as one transferred to some islands of the blest"; if you feel you are not keeping hold (οὐ περικρατεῖς), withdraw "into some corner" (γωνία) where you will; and if not even there — MOTIFgo out of life altogether, "not in anger, but simply and freely and with self-respect" (ἁπλῶς καὶ ἐλευθέρως καὶ αἰδημόνως), having done at least this one thing as it should be done (cf. 5.29). The exit is set down not as a defeat but as the last means of keeping the name.

A fig-tree does the work of a fig-tree. The support of memory is the gods: they do not wish to be flattered (οὐ κολακεύεσθαι) but wish all rational beings to be made like themselves. And immediately, the grounding series: MOTIFa fig-tree is what does the work of a fig-tree, a dog of a dog, a bee of a bee, DOGMAand a man of a man (cf. 8.19). Likeness to god and the discharge of one's own nature turn out to be the same act. The governing discipline is action, the sustaining one assent.

DisciplineDiscipline of action
Record added2026-07-16
Statuspublished