MED. 6.47Discipline of desire
George Long · 1862EN · Long

EXERCISEThink continually that all kinds of men and of all kinds of pursuits and of all nations are dead, so that thy thoughts come down even to Philistion and Phoebus and Origanion. Now turn thy thoughts to the other kinds of men. To that place then we must remove, where there are so many great orators, and so many noble philosophers, PERSONHeraclitus, Pythagoras, PERSONSocrates; so many heroes of former days, and so many generals after them, and tyrants; besides these, Eudoxus, Hipparchus, Archimedes, and other men of acute natural talents, great minds, lovers of labour, versatile, confident, mockers even of the perishable and ephemeral life of man, as Menippus and such as are like him. As to all these consider that they have long been in the dust. What harm then is this to them; and what to those whose names are altogether unknown? One thing here is worth a great deal, to pass thy life in truth and TERMjustice, with a benevolent disposition even to liars and unjust men.

Original · ancient Greek

Ἐννόει συνεχῶς παντοίους ἀνθρώπους καὶ παντοίων μὲν ἐπιτηδευμάτων, παντοδαπῶν δὲ ἐθνῶν τεθνεῶτας, ὥστε κατιέναι τοῦτο μέχρι Φιλιστίωνος καὶ Φοίβου καὶ Ὀριγανίωνος1. μέτιθι νῦν ἐπὶ τὰ ἄλλα φῦλα· ἐκεῖ δὴ μεταβαλεῖν ἡμᾶς δεῖ ὅπου τοσοῦτοι μὲν δεινοὶ ῥήτορες, τοσοῦτοι δὲ σεμνοὶ φιλόσοφοι, Ἡράκλειτος, Πυθαγόρας2, Σωκράτης, τοσοῦτοι δὲ ἥρωες πρότερον, τοσοῦτοι δὲ ὕστερον στρατηγοί, τύραννοι· ἐπὶ τούτοις δὲ Εὔδοξος, Ἵππαρχος, Ἀρχιμήδης3, ἄλλαι φύσεις ὀξεῖαι, μεγαλόφρονες, φιλόπονοι, πανοῦργοι, αὐθάδεις, αὐτῆς τῆς ἐπικήρου καὶ ἐφημέρου τῶν ἀνθρώπων ζωῆς χλευασταί, οἷον Μένιππος4 καὶ ὅσοι τοιοῦτοι. περὶ πάντων τούτων ἐννόει ὅτι πάλαι κεῖνται· τί οὖν τοῦτο δεινὸν αὐτοῖς; τί δαὶ τοῖς μηδ’ ὀνομαζομένοις ὅλως; ἓν ὧδε πολλοῦ ἄξιον, τὸ μετ’ ἀληθείας καὶ δικαιοσύνης εὐμενῆ τοῖς ψεύσταις καὶ ἀδίκοις διαβιοῦν.

Leopold · Teubner 1908
Commentary

The roll-call of the dead. The canonical EXERCISEmemory of death in the form of a catalogue (cf. 03-03, 04-48): "think continually (ἐννόει συνεχῶς)" of all who have died. The method is an ascent through the ranks: first the obscure (Philistion, Phoebus, Origanion1), then "other tribes" — orators, philosophers (PERSONHeraclitus, Pythagoras2, PERSONSocrates), heroes, generals, tyrants, scientists (Eudoxus, Hipparchus, Archimedes3), and finally the very mockers of transience (Menippus4). The governing discipline is desire (to accept death); the sustaining one is action.

The levelling. Two questions dissolve fear: "what harm is it to them?" (τί δεινὸν αὐτοῖς) — to the dead, death is no longer an evil; "and what to the nameless?" (τοῖς μηδ’ ὀνομαζομένοις) — fame and oblivion are equal before death. Neither craft, nor genius, nor mockery of transience escapes the common end; and so the chase after a posthumous name is devalued too.

The one thing of worth. The conclusion is an ethical turn: "one thing here is worth much (ἓν ὧδε πολλοῦ ἄξιον)" — to live TERMin truth and justice (μετ’ ἀληθείας καὶ δικαιοσύνης), remaining benevolent (εὐμενής) even to liars and the unjust. The memory of death leads not to gloom but frees one for virtue and good-will.

Parallels. Catalogues of the dead — 03-03 (Hippocrates, Alexander, Heraclitus, Socrates), 04-48 (physicians, tyrants, whole cities); the EXERCISEmemory of death; benevolence toward the bad — Med. 7.22; 9.27; 11.18 (they are "akin" to me, they err through ignorance).

DisciplineDiscipline of desire
Record added2026-07-18
Statuspublished
Discipline of desire

George Long · 1862· EN · Long

EXERCISEThink continually that all kinds of men and of all kinds of pursuits and of all nations are dead, so that thy thoughts come down even to Philistion and Phoebus and Origanion. Now turn thy thoughts to the other kinds of men. To that place then we must remove, where there are so many great orators, and so many noble philosophers, PERSONHeraclitus, Pythagoras, PERSONSocrates; so many heroes of former days, and so many generals after them, and tyrants; besides these, Eudoxus, Hipparchus, Archimedes, and other men of acute natural talents, great minds, lovers of labour, versatile, confident, mockers even of the perishable and ephemeral life of man, as Menippus and such as are like him. As to all these consider that they have long been in the dust. What harm then is this to them; and what to those whose names are altogether unknown? One thing here is worth a great deal, to pass thy life in truth and TERMjustice, with a benevolent disposition even to liars and unjust men.

Original · ancient Greek

Ἐννόει συνεχῶς παντοίους ἀνθρώπους καὶ παντοίων μὲν ἐπιτηδευμάτων, παντοδαπῶν δὲ ἐθνῶν τεθνεῶτας, ὥστε κατιέναι τοῦτο μέχρι Φιλιστίωνος καὶ Φοίβου καὶ Ὀριγανίωνος1. μέτιθι νῦν ἐπὶ τὰ ἄλλα φῦλα· ἐκεῖ δὴ μεταβαλεῖν ἡμᾶς δεῖ ὅπου τοσοῦτοι μὲν δεινοὶ ῥήτορες, τοσοῦτοι δὲ σεμνοὶ φιλόσοφοι, Ἡράκλειτος, Πυθαγόρας2, Σωκράτης, τοσοῦτοι δὲ ἥρωες πρότερον, τοσοῦτοι δὲ ὕστερον στρατηγοί, τύραννοι· ἐπὶ τούτοις δὲ Εὔδοξος, Ἵππαρχος, Ἀρχιμήδης3, ἄλλαι φύσεις ὀξεῖαι, μεγαλόφρονες, φιλόπονοι, πανοῦργοι, αὐθάδεις, αὐτῆς τῆς ἐπικήρου καὶ ἐφημέρου τῶν ἀνθρώπων ζωῆς χλευασταί, οἷον Μένιππος4 καὶ ὅσοι τοιοῦτοι. περὶ πάντων τούτων ἐννόει ὅτι πάλαι κεῖνται· τί οὖν τοῦτο δεινὸν αὐτοῖς; τί δαὶ τοῖς μηδ’ ὀνομαζομένοις ὅλως; ἓν ὧδε πολλοῦ ἄξιον, τὸ μετ’ ἀληθείας καὶ δικαιοσύνης εὐμενῆ τοῖς ψεύσταις καὶ ἀδίκοις διαβιοῦν.

Leopold · Teubner 1908
Marginalia4
Related4
Commentary

The roll-call of the dead. The canonical EXERCISEmemory of death in the form of a catalogue (cf. 03-03, 04-48): "think continually (ἐννόει συνεχῶς)" of all who have died. The method is an ascent through the ranks: first the obscure (Philistion, Phoebus, Origanion1), then "other tribes" — orators, philosophers (PERSONHeraclitus, Pythagoras2, PERSONSocrates), heroes, generals, tyrants, scientists (Eudoxus, Hipparchus, Archimedes3), and finally the very mockers of transience (Menippus4). The governing discipline is desire (to accept death); the sustaining one is action.

The levelling. Two questions dissolve fear: "what harm is it to them?" (τί δεινὸν αὐτοῖς) — to the dead, death is no longer an evil; "and what to the nameless?" (τοῖς μηδ’ ὀνομαζομένοις) — fame and oblivion are equal before death. Neither craft, nor genius, nor mockery of transience escapes the common end; and so the chase after a posthumous name is devalued too.

The one thing of worth. The conclusion is an ethical turn: "one thing here is worth much (ἓν ὧδε πολλοῦ ἄξιον)" — to live TERMin truth and justice (μετ’ ἀληθείας καὶ δικαιοσύνης), remaining benevolent (εὐμενής) even to liars and the unjust. The memory of death leads not to gloom but frees one for virtue and good-will.

Parallels. Catalogues of the dead — 03-03 (Hippocrates, Alexander, Heraclitus, Socrates), 04-48 (physicians, tyrants, whole cities); the EXERCISEmemory of death; benevolence toward the bad — Med. 7.22; 9.27; 11.18 (they are "akin" to me, they err through ignorance).

DisciplineDiscipline of desire
Record added2026-07-18
Statuspublished